Exclusive breastfeeding duration within a cohort of indigenous Terena living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Central-West Region, Brazil.

In Brazil, current information about breastfeeding indicators among indigenous living in the urban areas is lacking. This article describes the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and its associations with mother and child characteristics in a cohort of Terena infants. The study enrolled infants born between June 2017 to July 2018 (n = 42) and living in villages of the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Information was collected in four time-points. Variables on maternal sociodemographics and on maternal and child health characteristics were collected, respectively, during the antenatal and the first-month interviews. Variables on breastfeeding practices and bottle use were collected during the first-, six- and 12-month interviews. Associations were examined using Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding duration to the ages of three and six months were, respectively, 50% and 11.9%. Compared to infants never introduced to bottles during the first three months of life, those bottle-fed had lower median duration of exclusive breastfeeding (15 versus 150 days) and lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding duration to the age of three months (22.7% versus 80%). Most Terena infants fell short of meeting the international recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age and suggested the negative impact of bottle use in the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Exclusive breastfeeding duration within a cohort of indigenous Terena living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Central-West Region, Brazil / Duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma coorte de indígenas Terena residentes na zona urbana de Campo Grande, Região Centro-oeste do Brasil / Duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva en una cohorte de indígenas Terena que viven en el área urbana de Campo Grande, región Centro-oeste de Brasil

Abstract In Brazil, current information about breastfeeding indicators among indigenous living in the urban areas is lacking. This article describes the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and its associations with mother and child characteristics in a cohort of Terena infants. The study enrolled infants born between June 2017 to July 2018 (n = 42) and living in villages of the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Information was collected in four time-points. Variables on maternal sociodemographics and on maternal and child health characteristics were collected, respectively, during the antenatal and the first-month interviews. Variables on breastfeeding practices and bottle use were collected during the first-, six- and 12-month interviews. Associations were examined using Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding duration to the ages of three and six months were, respectively, 50% and 11.9%. Compared to infants never introduced to bottles during the first three months of life, those bottle-fed had lower median duration of exclusive breastfeeding (15 versus 150 days) and lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding duration to the age of three months (22.7% versus 80%). Most Terena infants fell short of meeting the international recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age and suggested the negative impact of bottle use in the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Resumo No Brasil, não há informações atuais sobre indicadores de aleitamento materno entre indígenas residentes em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e suas associações com características maternas e infantis em uma coorte de lactentes Terena. O estudo incluiu crianças nascidas de junho de 2017 a julho de 2018 (n = 42) e residentes em povoados da zona urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As informações foram coletadas em quatro momentos. Variáveis sociodemográficas maternas e características de saúde materno-infantil foram coletadas durante o pré-natal e o primeiro mês de entrevistas, respectivamente. As variáveis sobre práticas de amamentação e uso de mamadeira foram coletadas durante as entrevistas realizadas no primeiro mês, seis meses e 12 meses. As associações foram examinadas pelos testes de Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher. As prevalências de duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os três e seis meses de idade foram, respectivamente, de 50% e 11,9%. Em relação aos bebês que nunca foram introduzidos à mamadeira durante os três primeiros meses de vida, aqueles que usaram mamadeira tiveram menor duração média de amamentação exclusiva (15 versus 150 dias) e menor prevalência de duração de amamentação exclusiva até os três meses de idade (22,7% versus 80%). A maioria dos lactentes Terena não atingiu a duração recomendada internacionalmente para o aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses, sugerindo um impacto negativo do uso da mamadeira na duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Resumen En Brasil no existe información actual sobre los indicadores de lactancia materna entre los indígenas que viven en áreas urbanas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y sus asociaciones con las características maternas e infantiles en una cohorte de lactantes Terena. Este estudio incluyó a niños nacidos entre junio de 2017 y julio de 2018 (n = 42) y que vivían en aldeas del área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. La información se recopiló en cuatro momentos. Las variables sociodemográficas maternas y las características de salud materno-infantil durante la atención prenatal y el primer mes de entrevistas, respectivamente, se recogieron para este estudio. Las variables sobre prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación con biberón fueron recolectadas de las entrevistas realizadas en el primer mes, seis meses y 12 meses. Las asociaciones pasaron por las pruebas de Wilcoxon, de Kruskal-Wallis, el chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher. La prevalencia de duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva fue del 50% hasta los tres meses de edad y del 11,9% hasta los seis meses. En comparación con los bebés que no utilizaron biberón durante los primeros tres meses de vida, los que usaron biberón tuvieron una duración promedio más corta de lactancia materna exclusiva (15 versus 150 días) y una menor prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los tres meses de edad (22,7% versus 80%). La mayoría de los bebés Terena no alcanzaron la duración recomendada internacionalmente para la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los seis meses, lo que sugiere un impacto negativo de la alimentación con biberón en la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva.

Gender, skin color, and household composition explain inequities in household food insecurity in Brazil.

It is well known that female-headed households (FHHs) are more likely to experience food insecurity (FI) than male-headed households (MHHs), however there is a dearth of evidence on how gender intersects with other social determinants of FI. Thus, this paper investigated changes in the prevalence of household FI in Brazil from 2004 to 2018 by the intersection of gender, race/skin color and marital status of the household reference person. Data from three cross-sectional nationally representative surveys that assessed the status of FI using the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale were analyzed (N2004 = 107,731; N2013 = 115,108, N2018 = 57,204). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between profiles of gender, race/skin color, marital status of the head of the household with household FI stratified by the presence of children <5 years of age. Over time, FHHs had a higher prevalence of mild and moderate/severe FI than did households headed by men. Food security prevalence increased from 2004 to 2013 and decreased between 2013 and 2018 for households headed by men and women. In 2018, households headed by black/brown single mothers with children < 5 years of age were at the highest FI risk. The probability of reporting moderate/severe FI in these households were 4.17 times higher (95% CI [2.96-5.90]) than for households headed by married white men. The presence of children in the household was associated with a higher probability of moderate/severe FI, especially for households headed by black/brown individuals regardless of the reference person's gender. The results suggest that gender inequities combined with darker skin color and the presence of children at home potentiate the risk of moderate/severe FI. Policy makers need to consider the principles of intersectionality when investing in codesigning, implementing, evaluating, and scaling up evidence-based programs to reduce FI.

Food insecurity and social inequalities in households headed by older people in Brazil: a secondary cross-sectional analysis of a national survey.

BACKGROUND: The presence of food insecurity in households headed by older people is related to social inequalities. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with moderate/severe food insecurity in households headed by older people. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative sample of older adults aged ≥ 60 years was conducted using data from the 2017/2018 Family Budget Survey. In the study, moderate/severe food insecurity was the dependent variable, with food insecurity assessed with the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Prevalence and odds ratio estimates were generated with 99% confidence intervals. Data analysis was performed using STATA software. FINDINGS: A total of 16,314 households headed by older people were identified. Approximately 10.1% of these households were in the moderate/severe range for food insecurity. The majority are female (11.9%)and self-declared indigenous people (25.5%), with a lack of schooling (18.3%) and a per capita income of up to half of one minimum wage (29.6%). The analysis model found that color/race, region, schooling, per capita household income, and social benefits received in the household were statistically significant factors (p value < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Moderate/severe food insecurity in households headed by older people is associated with the pronounced social inequalities present in Brazil, and these findings intensify the need for additional study of the challenges faced by this age group.

[Gender and skin color/race intersections in food insecurity across Brazilian households]. / Interseções de gênero e raça/cor em insegurança alimentar nos domicílios das diferentes regiões do Brasil.

Food insecurity is distributed unequally throughout Brazilian regions. This study aims to investigate the intersections of gender and skin color/race in the cases of food insecurity in households across Brazil. Microdata from the 2018 Brazilian Household Budgets Survey (POF) were used, with a sample of 57,920 households. Food insecurity levels were compared to profiles created from the intersection of gender (man and woman) and skin color/race: white man, white woman, mixed-race man, mixed-race woman, black man, and black woman. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression models to investigate the association of profiles with moderate/severe food insecurity, separated by macroregion. The North had the worst proportions of all food insecurity levels (57%), followed by Northeast (50.4%). The North, Northeast, and Central-West macroregions had prevalence of moderate/severe food insecurity up to five times higher among households headed by women compared to those headed by men (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe food insecurity was associated to households headed by black women in all macroregions of Brazil, but prevalence ratios in Southeast were higher compared to other regions for mixed-race women (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.13-1.20), while the PR was higher in South for black women (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.13-1.21). Outcomes suggest that the intersectional food insecurity data in Brazil - focused on gender, skin color/race and macroregion of residence - should be considered for policies aimed at reducing hunger and related issues.

A insegurança alimentar e seus determinantes se distribuem de forma desigual entre as macrorregiões brasileiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as intersecções de gênero e raça/cor da pessoa de referência na ocorrência de insegurança alimentar em domicílios nas diferentes regiões do Brasil. Foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2018, com amostra de 57.920 domicílios. Os níveis de insegurança alimentar foram considerados com análises em relação aos perfis criados a partir da intersecção do gênero (homem e mulher) e raça/cor: homem branco, mulher branca, homem pardo, mulher parda, homem preto e mulher preta. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson para investigar a associação dos perfis com a insegurança alimentar moderada/grave, estratificados por macrorregião. O Norte apresentou as piores proporções de todos os níveis de insegurança alimentar (57%), seguido do Nordeste (50,4%). As regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-oeste apresentaram prevalência de insegurança alimentar moderada/grave até 5 vezes maior entre domicílios chefiados por mulheres comparados aos chefiados por homens (p < 0,001). A insegurança alimentar moderada/grave esteve mais associada aos domicílios chefiados pelas mulheres negras em todas as macrorregiões do Brasil, porém, no Sudeste, a RP foi mais elevada, quando comparada às demais regiões, para a mulher parda (RP = 1,16; IC95%: 1,13-1,20), enquanto na Região Sul a RP foi maior para a mulher preta (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,13-1,21). Os achados sugerem que o debate interseccional sobre os dados de insegurança alimentar no Brasil, considerando o gênero, a raça/cor da pele e a região de residência, deve ser somado ao tema das políticas voltadas para redução da insegurança alimentar e das iniquidades relacionadas.

La inseguridad alimentaria y sus determinantes está distribuida desigualmente por las macrorregiones de Brasil. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las intersecciones de género y raza/color de piel de la persona de referencia en la ocurrencia de inseguridad alimentaria en hogares de diferentes regiones brasileñas. Se utilizaron microdatos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) de 2018 de una muestra de 57.920 hogares. Se consideraron los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria con relación a los perfiles creados desde la intersección de género (hombre y mujer) y raza/color de piel: hombre blanco, mujer blanca, hombre pardo, mujer parda, hombre negro y mujer negra. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) se estimaron por modelos de regresión de Poisson para evaluar la asociación de los perfiles con inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave, estratificados por macrorregión. La Región Norte tuvo las peores proporciones en todos los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria (57%), seguida del Nordeste (50,4%). Las regiones Norte, Nordeste y Centro-oeste mostraron prevalencias moderada/grave de inseguridad alimentaria hasta 5 veces mayores entre los hogares con mujeres como jefas del hogar en comparación con los hogares liderados por hombres (p < 0,001). La inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave se asoció más en los hogares donde las mujeres negras eran las jefas del hogar en todas las macrorregiones de Brasil, sin embargo, en el Sudeste la RP fue mayor en comparación con las demás regiones para las mujeres pardas (RP = 1,16; IC95%: 1,13-1,20), mientras que en la Región Sur la RP fue mayor para las mujeres negras (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,13-1,21). Los hallazgos sugieren que el debate interseccional sobre los datos de inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil, considerando el género, la raza/color de piel y la región de residencia, debe agregarse al tema de las políticas destinadas a reducir la inseguridad alimentaria y sus inequidades asociadas.

Food insecurity in households with persons with disabilities in a situation of extreme vulnerability in Brazil: a secondary cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Inequities in access to education, work and health care are striking among persons with disabilities, making this population more vulnerable to poverty, lack of access to basic services and violation of rights such as access to food. Household food insecurity (HFI), marked by precarious income, has increased among persons with disabilities. In Brazil, the Continuous Cash Benefit (In Portuguese, Benefício de Prestação Continuada - BPC) is the guarantee of a minimum wage for persons with disabilities as a measure to promote social security and access to income in a situation of extreme poverty. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess HFI among persons with disabilities in extreme poverty in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study with national representation was carried out with data from the 2017/2018 Family Budget Survey, with moderate and severe food insecurity as the dependent variable, and the situation of food insecurity measured using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Prevalence and odds ratio estimates were generated with 99% confidence intervals. Findings: Approximately 25% of households experienced HFI, with a higher prevalence in the North Region (41%), receiving up to 1 income quintile (36.6%), with a female (26.2%) and black person (31%) as a reference. The analysis model found that region, per capita household income, and social benefits received in the household were statistically significant factors. Interpretation: The BPC proved to be an important source of household income for persons with disabilities living in extreme poverty in Brazil: in almost three-quarters of the households, it was the only social benefit received, and, for most of them, it represented more than half of the total household income. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Regional and social inequalities in food insecurity in Brazil, 2013-2018.

This study aims to analyze the association between social indicators and the worsening of food insecurity in 2013 and 2018 in different regions of Brazil. Data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (2013) and Brazilian Household Budgets Survey (2018) were analyzed, considering nationally representative samples of 110,750 and 57,920 households, respectively. Food insecurity was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale by estimating the percentage changes in food insecurity levels between 2013 and 2018, according to sociodemographic variables. The association between social indicators and food insecurity disaggregated by region was estimated using multinomial logistic regression models. Although North and Northeast regions had higher proportions of food insecurity, the Southeast and Central-West regions had the highest increase in food insecurity in the same periods. Income was the indicator with the highest association with food insecurity both in 2013 and 2018. We also observed the association between the presence of three or more residents aged under 18 in a household and a higher risk of food insecurity in North and South regions. Food insecurity increased unevenly among regions during the Brazilian economic crisis, which reinforced regional inequality. Moreover, food insecurity was greater among households with worse social and economic living conditions, contributing to social inequality in the country. Thus, strengthening public policies to promote food security and nutrition according to regional social inequities is necessary.

Estudo exploratório acerca da prevalência do alto risco para eventos coronários na população brasileira: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 / Exploratory study on the prevalence of high risk for coronary events in the Brazilian population: evidence from National Health Survey 2013

Resumo Introdução: As doenças do aparelho circulatório representam a principal causa de adoecimento e mortes na população mundial. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de alto risco para evento coronário (ARC) e os fatores associados na população adulta brasileira. Método: Estudo transversal, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Para os indivíduos classificados em ARC, segundo a primeira fase de estratificação da I Diretriz Brasileira de Prevenção Cardiovascular, avaliou-se a associação dessa condição com variáveis sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e hábitos e estilo de vida. A análise estatística foi realizada em três etapas: descritiva, bivariada e múltipla. Consideraram-se os pesos amostrais e o efeito de desenho do plano de amostragem complexo, utilizando-se da biblioteca survey do programa estatístico R, versão 3.2.2. Resultados: A prevalência de ARC na população brasileira foi de 11,06% (IC95% 10,83-11,29). Observou-se maior proporção de ARC com o avançar da idade, em indivíduos residentes no centro-sul, que autoavaliaram a saúde como ruim/muito ruim, ex-fumantes e hipertensos. Conclusões: A população brasileira apresentou alta prevalência de ARC e, assim, possui mais de 20% de risco de um evento coronário agudo nos próximos dez anos, caso medidas de prevenção e controle não sejam tomadas.

Abstract Background: Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of illness and death in the world population. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of high risk for coronary events (HRC) and associated factors in the Brazilian adult population. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, based on data from the National Health Survey 2013. The association of this condition with sociodemographic, health condition, and habits and lifestyle was evaluated for individuals as in HRC, according to the first stratification phase of the I Brazilian Directive of Cardiovascular Prevention. Statistical analysis was performed in three stages: descriptive; bivariate; and multiple analysis. Sampling weights and design effect of the complex sampling plan were considered, using the survey library of the statistical program R, version 3.2.2. Results: The prevalence of HRC in the Brazilian population was 11.06% (95%CI 10.83-11.29). A higher prevalence of HRC was observed with advancing age, in individuals living in the Central-South, who self-rated their health as poor/very poor, former smokers, and individuals with systemic arterial hypertension. Conclusions: The Brazilian population presented a high prevalence of HRC and, thus, has a more than 20% risk of an acute coronary event in the next ten years, if prevention and control measures are not taken.

A relação entre estilos parentais e desenvolvimento auditivo em crianças com implante coclear / The relationship between parenting styles and hearing development in children with cochlear implants

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre estilos parentais e habilidades auditivas em crianças usuárias de implante coclear. Métodos Este é um estudo analítico observacional. Os participantes foram os cuidadores principais das crianças divididos em grupo estudo (N=50) e grupo controle (N=28). As idades das crianças estavam entre 3 e 7 anos. Os indivíduos do grupo estudo forneceram uma história médica pregressa (HMP) e preencheram o Questionário de Estilos e Dimensões Parentais (QEDP) e a Escala de Integração Auditiva Significativa Infantil-Toddler (IT-MAIS) ou a Escala de Integração Auditiva Significativa (MAIS). Os sujeitos do grupo controle também forneceram um PMH e preencheram o QEDP. O teste de Mann Whitney, o coeficiente de Spearman e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para análise dos dados, utilizando-se os softwares JASP 0.8 e SPSS 23. Resultados Os grupos estudo e controle não apresentam diferenças significativas em relação aos estilos parentais (p<0,05). A dimensão estilo parental autoritário e punição revelou significância estatística, com escores mais elevados para crianças com desenvolvimento auditivo alterado. Conclusão No presente estudo foi possível verificar que a prática do estilo parental autoritário com dimensões punitivas e coerção física esteve relacionada ao desenvolvimento auditivo alterado em crianças usuárias de implante coclear.

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and hearing skills in children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants. Methods This is an observational analytical study. The participants were the children's main caregivers divided into a study group (N=50) and a control group (N=28). The children's ages were between 3 and 7 years old. Subjects in the study group provided a past medical history (PMH), and completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) or the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS). Subjects in the control group also provided a PMH and completed the PSDQ. The Mann Whitney test, the Spearman coefficient, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis, utilizing the JASP 0.8 and SPSS 23 softwares. Results Results showed that The authoritarian parenting style and punishment dimension revealed a statistical significance, with higher scores for children with altered auditory development. Conclusion It was concluded that the practice of authoritarian parenting style with punitive dimensions and physical coercion were related to altered hearing development. Regulation dimension presented a significant correlation with hearing development. The outcome suggested the importance of psychotherapeutic strategies for caregivers who are responsible for children with hearing loss.

Nutritional profile of indigenous children under five years of age in the Upper Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil (2013) / Perfil nutricional de crianças indígenas menores de cinco anos de idade no Alto Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil (2013)

Abstract Objectives: to characterize the nutritional status of indigenous children underfive years of age living in rural communities in the Upper Solimões River region, inhabited by seven ethnic groups, based on data of december 2013. Methods: weight and height data extracted from SISVAN-I (Indigenous Food and Nutritional Surveillance System) forms filled in 2013 for 7,520 children (86.0% of the estimated children in this age group). The indices height-for-age (H/A), weight-for-age (W/A), weight-for-height(W/H), and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) were calculated. Growth reference curves proposed by the World Health Organization were used to calculate z-scores. Results: the height-for-age (H/A) index presented the lowest mean z-score values, reaching -1.95 among children between 36 and 60 months. Mean z-score values for the weight-for-age (W/A) index also remained below zero. Mean z-score values for the indices weight-for-height (W/H) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) remained slightly above zero, reaching a maximum value of 0.5. Of all children, 45.7% presented low H/A, 9.6% presented low W/A, 4.5% presented low W/H, and 10.7% presented overweight based on BMI/A. Conclusion: our analysis show that in 2013 poor nutritional status persisted as an important health issue among these rural indigenous children.

Resumo Objetivos: caracterizar o estado nutricional de crianças indígenas menores de cinco anos, de comunidades rurais na região do Alto Solimões, habitada por sete etnias, com base em dados de dezembro de 2013. Métodos: foram extraídos dos formulários do SISVAN Indígena dados de peso e estatura, coletados em 2013, de 7.520 crianças (86,0% das crianças estimadas nesta faixa etária). Foram calculados os índices estatura-para-idade (E/I), peso-para-idade (P/I), peso-para-estatura (P/E) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC/I). Curvas de referência para crescimento propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde foram utilizadas para calcular escores z. Resultados: o índice estatura-para-idade (E/I) apresentou os menores valores médios de escore z, chegando a -1,95 nas crianças entre 36 e 60 meses. Os valores médios do escore z do índice peso-para-idade (P/I) também permaneceram abaixo de zero. Os valores médios do escore z para os índices P/E e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC/I) mantiveram-se ligeiramente acima de zero, atingindo valor máximo de 0,5. Do total de crianças, 45,7% apresentaram baixa E/I, 9,6%, baixo P/I, 4,5% baixo P/E e 10,7% de excesso de peso de acordo com o IMC/I. Conclusão: em 2013 a desnutrição persistia como um importante agravo à saúde nessas crianças.

Nutrição inclusiva: (re)conhecendo os caminhos da inclusão na prática do nutricionista / Inclusive nutrition: (re)acknowledging the paths of inclusion in the practice of the nutritionist

Os debates sobre o acolhimento das diversidades e a inclusão de grupos populacionais em maior situação de vulnerabilidade na área da saúde têm sido crescentes em âmbito nacional e internacional. No Brasil, a trajetória da Nutrição Inclusiva foi impulsionada no início na década de 2000, e atualmente é definida como a forma de exercer a profissão na qual o nutricionista utiliza todos os recursos disponíveis para promover a inclusão, a saúde e a segurança alimentar e nutricional de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade, por meio de ações oportunas e ajustadas às singularidades desses sujeitos, tendo como base o acolhimento, o respeito à diversidade, a acessibilidade e o estímulo à autonomia. Atravessa todas as áreas de atuação e cenários de prática do nutricionista, com foco na produção de novos modos de cuidar e novas formas de organizar o trabalho que visem à segurança alimentar e nutricional e à justiça social. Assim, os saberes que vêm sendo construídos nessa direção devem ser incorporados pelo profissional desde a sua formação até a sua prática cotidiana, visando beneficiar direta e/ou indiretamente a saúde e a nutrição dos grupos populacionais em maior situação de vulnerabilidade.

Debates on embracing diversity and the inclusion of more vulnerable populations in the health area have been growing at the national and international levels. In Brazil, the trajectory of Inclusive Nutrition was pushed forward at the beginning of the 2000s and is currently defined as a practice in which the nutritionist uses all available resources to promote inclusion, health, food safety, and nutrition of vulnerable populations through timely actions adjusted to their singularities, based on acceptance, respect for diversity, accessibility, and encouragement of autonomy. It extends over all the areas of action and practice of the nutritionist, focusing on the production of new ways of caring and of organizing work aimed at food and nutritional security and social justice. Thus, the knowledge that has been built in this direction must be incorporated by professionals, from their training to their daily practice, aiming to directly and/or indirectly benefit the health and nutrition of vulnerable populations.

Inequalities in food acquisition according to the social profiles of the head of households in Brazil / Desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos de acordo com a renda e os perfis sociais do chefe de família no Brasil

Abstract Brazil is characterized by strong social inequalities and differences in access to quality food and sufficient quantities of it, which represent a violation of the human right to adequate food. The aim was to assess food expenditures according to the social profiles of the head of the households. Data from the cross-sectional Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2017/2018) were used with a nationally representative sample of household survey participants (n=52,917). Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) to assess the association of different social profiles with the acquisition of food. The profile characterized by woman self-classified as white, with a higher education, which characteristics were positively and significantly associated with more acquisition of fruits (PR=1.22; CI95% 1.09-1.36) and vegetables and greens (PR=1.24; CI95% 1.09-1.41). Black women with low education levels showed a negative association with the consumption of soda (PR=0.53; CI95% 0.45-0.62), and prepared food (PR=0.52; CI95% 0.37-0.74). The results reveal great inequalities in the purchase of food between the social profiles of the heads of the family.

Resumo O Brasil é caracterizado por fortes desigualdades sociais e diferenças no acesso a alimentos de qualidade e em quantidade suficiente, o que representa uma violação do direito humano à alimentação adequada. O objetivo foi avaliar os gastos com alimentação de acordo com o perfil social do responsável pelo domicílio. Dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares Brasileiros de corte transversal (2017/2018) foram usados com uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de participantes da pesquisa domiciliar (n=52.917). A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) para avaliar a associação de diferentes perfis sociais com a aquisição de alimentos. O perfil caracterizado pela mulher auto classificada como branca, com maior escolaridade, cujas características estiveram positiva e significativamente associadas a maior aquisição de frutas (RP=1,22; IC95% 1,09-1,36), verduras e legumes (PR=1,24; IC95% 1,09-1,41) e queijo (RP=1,32; IC95% 1,09-1,59). Mulheres negras com baixa escolaridade apresentaram associação negativa com o consumo de refrigerantes (RP=0,53; IC95% 0,45-0,62) e alimentos preparados (RP=0,52; IC95% 0,37-0,74). Os resultados revelam grandes desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos entre os perfis sociais dos chefes de família.

Inequalities in food acquisition according to the social profiles of the head of households in Brazil.

Brazil is characterized by strong social inequalities and differences in access to quality food and sufficient quantities of it, which represent a violation of the human right to adequate food. The aim was to assess food expenditures according to the social profiles of the head of the households. Data from the cross-sectional Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2017/2018) were used with a nationally representative sample of household survey participants (n=52,917). Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) to assess the association of different social profiles with the acquisition of food. The profile characterized by woman self-classified as white, with a higher education, which characteristics were positively and significantly associated with more acquisition of fruits (PR=1.22; CI95% 1.09-1.36) and vegetables and greens (PR=1.24; CI95% 1.09-1.41). Black women with low education levels showed a negative association with the consumption of soda (PR=0.53; CI95% 0.45-0.62), and prepared food (PR=0.52; CI95% 0.37-0.74). The results reveal great inequalities in the purchase of food between the social profiles of the heads of the family.

National Trends and Disparities in Severe Food Insecurity in Brazil between 2004 and 2018.

Background: The Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA) is the main tool for assessing household food insecurity (FI) in Brazil and facilitates the monitoring and improvement of national public policies to promote food security. Since 2004, the Brazilian government has conducted National Household Sample Surveys, and in 2018, the government carried out the last national evaluation of FI. Objectives: To describe trends in severe FI in Brazil from 2004 to 2018. Methods: Data from 3 cross-sectional Brazilian National Household Sample Surveys (sample sizes: 2004 = 112,530; 2009 = 120,910; 2013 = 116,196) and from the last Household Budget Survey (sample size = 57,920) that assessed the status of FI using the EBIA were analyzed. Changes in severe FI during 2 periods (2004-2013; 2013-2018) were estimated while considering sociodemographic factors. Results: The period between 2004 and 2013 was marked by a significant decrease in severe FI (-53.6%), but this trend reversed in 2013-2018 (+43.8%). The greatest decrease in severe FI occurred in the Northeast (-57.6%) among households where the reference person was a man (-57.6%) and self-identified as white (-58.1%) (2004-2013). In 2013-2018, households with children aged ≤4 y (+6.3%) and members aged ≥65 y (+12.5%) experienced the lowest increases in severe FI. Conclusions: After a significant reduction from 2004 to 2013, severe FI increased sharply from 2013 to 2018, likely due to disruptions in public policies aimed at reducing hunger and unemployment rates.

Enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy for neonates at a neonatal unit: a longitudinal retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The goals of nutrition therapy include providing adequate growth and development, avoiding a negative energy and nitrogen balance, and preventing complications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutrition therapy received by newborns at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal observational study in which data were collected on newborns admitted to NICU, in Rio de Janeiro, in 2016. The time that elapsed before commencement of parenteral and trophic enteral nutritional, time to reach full enteral nutrition, type of diet at the beginning of trophic enteral nutrition and at discharge from the NICU, and the relationship between birth weight and nutritional therapy were evaluated. RESULTS: Trophic enteral nutrition began after 24.42 (SD +20.23) hours, on average, and the mean time to reach full enteral nutrition was 10.0 (SD +5.51) days. Newborns with a birth weight below 1500 g had a longer hospital stay (p = .002), longer oxygen therapy (p = .009), a longer time before commencement of enteral feeding (p = .005), and took longer to reach full enteral feeding (p = .010). CONCLUSIONS: The institutional nutritional therapy practices were consistent with those proposed in the literature, but more support is needed for breastfeeding in this group.

Interseções de gênero e raça/cor em insegurança alimentar nos domicílios das diferentes regiões do Brasil / Gender and skin color/race intersections in food insecurity across Brazilian households / Intersecciones de género y raza/color en la inseguridad alimentaria en hogares de diferentes regiones de Brasil

A insegurança alimentar e seus determinantes se distribuem de forma desigual entre as macrorregiões brasileiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as intersecções de gênero e raça/cor da pessoa de referência na ocorrência de insegurança alimentar em domicílios nas diferentes regiões do Brasil. Foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2018, com amostra de 57.920 domicílios. Os níveis de insegurança alimentar foram considerados com análises em relação aos perfis criados a partir da intersecção do gênero (homem e mulher) e raça/cor: homem branco, mulher branca, homem pardo, mulher parda, homem preto e mulher preta. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson para investigar a associação dos perfis com a insegurança alimentar moderada/grave, estratificados por macrorregião. O Norte apresentou as piores proporções de todos os níveis de insegurança alimentar (57%), seguido do Nordeste (50,4%). As regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-oeste apresentaram prevalência de insegurança alimentar moderada/grave até 5 vezes maior entre domicílios chefiados por mulheres comparados aos chefiados por homens (p < 0,001). A insegurança alimentar moderada/grave esteve mais associada aos domicílios chefiados pelas mulheres negras em todas as macrorregiões do Brasil, porém, no Sudeste, a RP foi mais elevada, quando comparada às demais regiões, para a mulher parda (RP = 1,16; IC95%: 1,13-1,20), enquanto na Região Sul a RP foi maior para a mulher preta (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,13-1,21). Os achados sugerem que o debate interseccional sobre os dados de insegurança alimentar no Brasil, considerando o gênero, a raça/cor da pele e a região de residência, deve ser somado ao tema das políticas voltadas para redução da insegurança alimentar e das iniquidades relacionadas.

Food insecurity is distributed unequally throughout Brazilian regions. This study aims to investigate the intersections of gender and skin color/race in the cases of food insecurity in households across Brazil. Microdata from the 2018 Brazilian Household Budgets Survey (POF) were used, with a sample of 57,920 households. Food insecurity levels were compared to profiles created from the intersection of gender (man and woman) and skin color/race: white man, white woman, mixed-race man, mixed-race woman, black man, and black woman. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression models to investigate the association of profiles with moderate/severe food insecurity, separated by macroregion. The North had the worst proportions of all food insecurity levels (57%), followed by Northeast (50.4%). The North, Northeast, and Central-West macroregions had prevalence of moderate/severe food insecurity up to five times higher among households headed by women compared to those headed by men (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe food insecurity was associated to households headed by black women in all macroregions of Brazil, but prevalence ratios in Southeast were higher compared to other regions for mixed-race women (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.13-1.20), while the PR was higher in South for black women (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.13-1.21). Outcomes suggest that the intersectional food insecurity data in Brazil - focused on gender, skin color/race and macroregion of residence - should be considered for policies aimed at reducing hunger and related issues.

La inseguridad alimentaria y sus determinantes está distribuida desigualmente por las macrorregiones de Brasil. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las intersecciones de género y raza/color de piel de la persona de referencia en la ocurrencia de inseguridad alimentaria en hogares de diferentes regiones brasileñas. Se utilizaron microdatos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) de 2018 de una muestra de 57.920 hogares. Se consideraron los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria con relación a los perfiles creados desde la intersección de género (hombre y mujer) y raza/color de piel: hombre blanco, mujer blanca, hombre pardo, mujer parda, hombre negro y mujer negra. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) se estimaron por modelos de regresión de Poisson para evaluar la asociación de los perfiles con inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave, estratificados por macrorregión. La Región Norte tuvo las peores proporciones en todos los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria (57%), seguida del Nordeste (50,4%). Las regiones Norte, Nordeste y Centro-oeste mostraron prevalencias moderada/grave de inseguridad alimentaria hasta 5 veces mayores entre los hogares con mujeres como jefas del hogar en comparación con los hogares liderados por hombres (p < 0,001). La inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave se asoció más en los hogares donde las mujeres negras eran las jefas del hogar en todas las macrorregiones de Brasil, sin embargo, en el Sudeste la RP fue mayor en comparación con las demás regiones para las mujeres pardas (RP = 1,16; IC95%: 1,13-1,20), mientras que en la Región Sur la RP fue mayor para las mujeres negras (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,13-1,21). Los hallazgos sugieren que el debate interseccional sobre los datos de inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil, considerando el género, la raza/color de piel y la región de residencia, debe agregarse al tema de las políticas destinadas a reducir la inseguridad alimentaria y sus inequidades asociadas.

Social inequalities among Brazilian older adults: a secondary cross-sectional analysis of a national survey / Desigualdades sociais entre idosos brasileiros: análise transversal de uma pesquisa nacional

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate sociodemographic and economic differences among Brazilian older adults according the region they live in. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study included older adults aged ≥ 60 years, based on a secondary analysis of public data from a nationally representative survey called the Family Budget Survey. The data were disaggregated according to the 5 regions of the country and associated with sociodemographic and economic characteristics. Analyses of categorical and numerical variables and their associations were performed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Among all participants in the Family Budget Survey, 26 199 (15%) were older adults. The southeast and south regions were found to had better living conditions and higher proportions of older adults. Regarding race, the southern region had the highest proportion of self-declared Whites, the southeastern region had the highest mean education level, and the northern and northeastern regions had the lowest levels of education and household income. Conclusions: The results suggest that the aging process is heterogeneous due to marked regional inequalities, which are related to social issues. Regional differences can be determinant in socioeconomic and demographic inequalities among the older population.

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as diferenças sociodemográficas e econômicas entre idosos brasileiros de acordo com as macrorregiões. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, realizado com indivíduos com ≥ 60 anos de idade, com base na análise secundária de dados públicos de um inquérito nacionalmente representativo denominado Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. Os dados foram separados de acordo com as cinco regiões do País e foram associados a características sociodemográficas e econômicas. Realizaram-se análises de variáveis categóricas e numéricas e de suas associações por meio de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Entre todos os participantes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, 26.199 (15%) eram idosos. Constatou-se que as regiões Sudeste e Sul apresentaram melhores condições de vida e maiores proporções de idosos. Em relação à raça/cor, a região Sul apresentou a maior proporção de autodeclarados brancos, a região Sudeste apresentou a maior média de escolaridade e as regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram os menores níveis de escolaridade e renda familiar. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o processo de envelhecimento é heterogêneo em razão das acentuadas desigualdades regionais, que estão relacionadas a questões sociais. As diferenças regionais podem ser determinantes nas desigualdades socioeconômicas e demográficas entre a população idosa.

[Nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in children under five years of age in maroon communities in Northeast Brazil]. / Estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças menores de cinco anos de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos do Nordeste brasileiro.

Quilombolas, or members of maroon communities in Brazil, are part of the country's ethnic/racial minorities exposed to health inequities, reflecting a historical process of harsh socioeconomic disadvantages. The study aimed to assess nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in quilombola children under five years of age living in land-deeded quilombola communities in Northeast Brazil. The study used secondary data from the Survey on Food and Nutritional Security in Land-Deeded Quilombola Communities (2011). The target outcomes were stunting (height-for-age < -2z), excess weight (weight-for-height > 2z), and underweight (weight-for-age < -2z). Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of differences between prevalence rates. Multivariate analysis used a hierarchical conceptual model on stunting. Prevalence rates for excess weight and underweight were 2.8% and 6,1%, respectively. Stunting was diagnosed in 14.1% of the sample. The hierarchical model for stunting evidenced higher prevalence rates among children without access to primary healthcare (PR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.41) and safe water (PR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.42; 3.08) and those with a history of low birthweight (PR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.33; 3.61). The high prevalence of stunting showed that the quilombola' population in the Northeast experiences unfavorable health condition, reflecting lack of access to primary healthcare and precarious sanitation.

Os quilombolas constituem parte das minorias étnico-raciais do país que apresentam iniquidades em saúde, reflexo de um processo histórico de grandes desvantagens socioeconômicas. O objetivo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças quilombolas menores de cinco anos residentes em comunidades quilombolas tituladas na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Utilizaram-se dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Os desfechos de interesse foram o déficit estatural (estatura-para-idade < -2z), excesso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) e o déficit ponderal (peso-para-idade < -2z). Foi empregado o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar a significância das diferenças entre as prevalências. A análise multivariada considerou um modelo conceitual hierárquico sobre o déficit estatural. As prevalências de excesso de peso e déficit ponderal foram 2,8% e 6,1%, respectivamente. O déficit estatural foi diagnosticado em 14,1% da amostra. O modelo hierárquico de déficit estatural evidenciou maiores prevalências do agravo entre crianças que não tinham acesso à atenção básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), à água tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) e que nasceram com baixo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). A elevada prevalência de déficit estatural mostra que a população quilombola no Nordeste apresenta condições de saúde desfavoráveis, sendo reflexo da falta de acesso à atenção básica e das precárias condições de saneamento.

Los quilombolas constituyen parte de las minorías étnico-raciales del país que presentan inequidades en salud, reflejo de un proceso histórico que implicó grandes desigualdades socioeconómicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional y los factores asociados con el déficit de estatura en niños quilombolas, menores de 5 años, residentes en comunidades quilombolas, ubicadas en la Región Nordeste del Brasil. Se utilizaron datos secundarios provenientes de la Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Los resultados de interés fueron: déficit de estatura (estatura-para-edad < -2z), exceso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) y insuficiencia ponderal (peso-para-edad < -2z). Se empleó la prueba chi-cuadrado para evaluar la significancia de las diferencias entre las prevalencias. El análisis multivariado consideró un modelo conceptual jerárquico sobre la insuficiencia de estatura. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso y déficit ponderal fueron 2,8%, 6,1%, respectivamente. El déficit de estatura fue diagnosticado en un 14,1% de la muestra. El modelo jerárquico de déficit de estatura evidenció mayores prevalencias de enfermedades entre niños que no tenían acceso a la atención básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), al agua tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) y que nacieron con bajo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). La elevada prevalencia de déficit de estatura muestra que la población quilombola en el Nordeste presenta condiciones de salud desfavorables, siendo reflejo de la falta de acceso a la atención básica en salud y de las precarias condiciones de saneamiento.

Food Profiles of Indigenous Households in Brazil: Results of the First National Survey of Indigenous Peoples' Health and Nutrition.

The objective of the present study was to characterize the food profiles in Indigenous households participating in the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to estimate distances between regions and foods from three sources (local Indigenous production, purchased, and external donation), in addition to "not consumed." The combined distribution of the first two dimensions revealed three distinct profiles of food acquisition. Observed proximities between geopolitical regions and distinct modes of food acquisition speak to regional contrasts in food sovereignty among the Indigenous population that are closely linked to historical occupation and economic expansion in the country. Considering the concept of food sovereignty as involving rights to dietary autonomy, healthy diets, and resource management, our data suggest Brazil's North region is the closest of the four regions analyzed to these goals. Food sovereignty in the Northeast and South/Southeast regions is reduced due to greater monetarization and proximity to market economy resources. The advance of agribusiness in the Amazon has been a hallmark of the Brazilian government's current environmental policy, directly threatening the survival of Indigenous peoples living in that region.

Birth weight of indigenous children in Brazil: results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition.

Birth weight is an important predictor of perinatal, infant, and preschool-age children morbimortality. However, information about indigenous children's birth weight is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze the birth weight of indigenous children based on data from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, Brazil (2008-2009). This is the first study to address indigenous children's birth weight based on a nationwide representative sample. Mean birth weights and the respective standard deviations were calculated according to geopolitical region, sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in means, considering sample design and data normality. We found no records on birth weight in the researched documents for 26.7% of the 6,128 sampled children. The mean birth weight for the 3,994 children included in the analyses was 3,201g (standard deviation - SD ± 18.6g), regardless of sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The prevalence of low birth weight was 7.6% (n = 302) and was significantly higher among girls. Boys presented significantly higher mean birth weight than girls, regardless of the geopolitical region. Low birth weight was slightly less frequent among indigenous children when compared to Brazilian children in general. Our study indicates the need to improve prenatal care and the quality of consultation records for indigenous women as a strategy to promote safe pregnancy and childbirth.